Reprogramming of microRNA expression via E2F1 downregulation promotes Salmonella infection both in infected and bystander cells

Abstract Cells infected with pathogens can contribute to clearing infections by releasing signals that instruct neighbouring cells mount a pro-inflammatory cytokine response, or other mechanisms reduce bystander cells’ susceptibility infection. Here, we show the opposite effect: epithelial Salmonella Typhimurium secrete host factors facilitate infection of cells. We find endoplasmic reticulum stress response is activated in both and cells, this leads activation JNK pathway, downregulation transcription factor E2F1, consequent reprogramming microRNA expression time-dependent manner. These changes are not elicited bacterial pathogens, such as Shigella flexneri Listeria monocytogenes . Remarkably, protein HMGB1 present secretome -infected responsible for IRE1 branch non-infected, Furthermore, E2F1 associated alterations promote replication within prime more efficient